The naval buildup really created the modern American national state. But while it didn’t really change much, it was pivotal as far as American identity went. It’s something in our history we would probably rather skip over. Part of the difficulty of parsing the anthem seems to that Americans know so little about the War of 1812. But when we became allies in World War I, we really started reversing course. It was their blood that “has wash’d out their foul footstep’s pollution,” as the third verse puts it. I don’t think people were afraid of offending African-Americans, but of offending the British. The term “freemen,” whose heroism is celebrated in the fourth stanza, would have encompassed both. The American forces included African-Americans as well as whites. The reference to slaves is about the use, and in some sense the manipulation, of black Americans to fight for the British, with the promise of freedom. The social context of the song comes from the age of slavery, but the song itself isn’t about slavery, and it doesn’t treat whites differently from blacks. Why do you think those who call the song racist are wrong? The interview has been edited for clarity and length. Clague, who is writing a book about the song, about the anthem’s history and shifting meanings.
That argument drew outrage from some conservative news outlets, as well as a more scholarly rebuttal from Mark Clague, a musicologist at the University of Michigan and the founding board chairman of the Star Spangled Music Foundation. Schwarz asked, be expected to stand for a song whose rarely sung third stanza - which includes the lines “No refuge could save the hireling and slave/From the terror of flight or the gloom of the grave” - “literally celebrates the murder of African-Americans”?
The journalist Jon Schwarz, writing in The Intercept, argued yes, denouncing the lyrics, written by Francis Scott Key during the War of 1812, as “a celebration of slavery.” How could black players, Mr.
But it has also raised another fraught question: Is our national anthem itself racist? The continuing refusal by the San Francisco 49ers quarterback Colin Kaepernick to stand during the playing of “The Star-Spangled Banner” before games has set off a debate about patriotism, protest and professional sports.
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